Despite the rise in new cases, death rates for prostate cancer have begun to decrease, down 6.2 percent between 1991 and 1995. The reasons for this decline are unclear.

New Treatment Options. Research has led to more types of treatment for prostate cancer. These include blocking hormones from the prostate that make the cancer grow; destroying a small tumor by freezing it; and using an emerging technique of implanting tiny radioactive pellets directly into the prostate to deliver high doses of radiation to the tumor, without exposing other parts of the body to the treatment.

Quality of Life. Scientists have found new ways to perform surgery for prostate cancer. By sparing the nerves near the prostate, doctors now can remove the prostate and reduce the chances that the surgery will cause other health problems. Penile implants or injections help men deal with impotence that can occur after treatment.

Diagnostics. Current studies will tell us more about whether to screen men for prostate cancer. We will know which men will be helped by having the cancer detected early. The studies also will suggest which treatments will be best for the different stages of the disease.

Drugs. Many studies are under way to evaluate compounds, such as retinoids and finasteride, that could lead to better ways to control or even prevent the disease.

Genetics. Scientists are searching for genes linked to prostate cancer. Once they have identified these genes, researchers can develop tests for those who want to know if they were born with an altered gene that increases their chances of having prostate cancer. Knowledge of the genes will also enable scientists to look inside prostate cells and pinpoint the exact causes of cancer.

Treatment. Improved treatments for prostate cancer have been developed. New studies will determine who will or will not benefit from these treatments. They will also determine which treatments are best in which situations.