A book I'm currently reading quotes the well-known linguist Charles Fillmore as writing
the language of face-to-face conversation is the basic and primary use of language, all others being best described in terms of their manner of deviation from that base... I assume that this position is neither particularly controversial nor in need of explanation.
If only it were so. Uber-linguist Noam Chomsky said in a talk I attended that language is not "for communication." I've never been quite sure what he meant by this, so I decided this was a good time to find out.
Googling turned up this interview, in which his statement is much more mild. He seems to simply state that to the extent language is used socially, it isn't always for the purpose of communication. I can get on board with that.
This other interview, however, makes a stronger claim. Here is a representative quote:
If human language has a function at all it's for expression of thought. So if you just think about your own use of language, a rather small part is used for communication. Much of human language is just used to establish social relations. Suppose you go to a bar in Kyoto and you spend an evening talking to your friends. You're not 'communicating'. You're rarely communicating. You're not presenting them with any information that changes their belief systems. You're simply engaged in a kind of social play.
Perhaps. I'm still with Fillmore that this seems to be derivative on communication, but I'm not even sure what kind of evidence could be found that would favor one position or the other.
Comments
Oh, no. Quoting Chomsky again...
January 26, 2009 by Anonymous, 46 weeks 4 days ago
Comment: 33954
All the above (or is it below?) comments are basically true. Declaring a "purpose" for human language is silly and unprovable. The statement is more-or-less self contradictory. Dividing language use into social/communication is essentially impossible.
The interesting question is why anyone bothers to quote this stuff. It's as if everything Noam Chomsky said is Divine Word. Sheesh! Well, let it be known that he's human, and quite as capable of saying something empty as the rest of us.
Language, a Byproduct of Survival
January 12, 2009 by johnbrandy, 48 weeks 3 days ago
Comment: 33641
As always, I am surprised, impressed, and enlightened by the range and depth of opinions proffered by, like myself, non-specialist, 'exploring' complex subject matter. I am persuaded that a sincere, reflective, and educated approach to relevant issues, grounded in an "examined life," has much to contribute to scholarly research. I am of the opinion that a friendly, purposeful, and systematic exchange between researchers and intelligent layman can often result in a better and more complete understanding of the issues at hand. I would like to think that this forum could provide that kind of benefit.
Operating outside of a discipline, as a layman, is fraught with sometimes embarrassing results. Naturally, even specialist, in any given field, can blunder. Therefore, do not deny the potential genius that can arise from a sincere and bode expression, potentially arising from direct insight, and innate understanding. As well, seek always to learn, and grow from misconceptions, and misperceptions.
Now, reflecting upon the "purpose" of evolution, and language acquisition, I am of the opinion that such is a function of survival. I believe, intuitively, that language arose from an inherent need to survive, and the acquisition of language was a necessary byproduct of that need. There perhaps arose a need to communicate and differentiate between various kinds of dangers, survival skills, editable plant identification, forging tool, and so forth. Why do I suggest as much, as the purpose of evolution, and language acquisition. Because those 'very same' abilities and skills are the very definition of modern life and its' survival.
I do not believe we have to venture vary far to answer questions that arguably lie within the evolutionary product of our common human ancestry. Why should we assume that the thread that connects us is materially different, and serves a distinct purpose?
Science, and its' methods are the outcome of our intellectual history, and has produced amazing results, in terms of products, and our ability to evaluate, observe, and speculate. Still, it is only one method for arriving at an understanding of complex issues or questions.
I am not denying or questioning the absolute need for science and its' methods. I am merely indicating the need for and validity of introspection, reflection, and insight, that is grounded in life experience, and a genuine education. For example, Einstein's theory of relativity was not the result of pure science, but thought experiments, coupled with established scientific knowledge, thus according validity to introspection. I argue that in certain instances, where pure science cannot presently approach in a meaningful way, introspection, observation, intuition, insight, self-knowledge, and common sense may suffice. Moreover, pure science cannot answer many issues and question offered for consideration. Why? Because they lie outside of scientific inspection. I do not question the effort. What I do question is the absolute belief that science will eventually, and of necessity, answer all of the issues and questions it approaches.
Language, communication, and their evolutionary connection/s do not lie within the exclusive domain of scientific understanding. If that were the case, we would have well-defined and well-established models to work from. As far as I am concern, one might ask, in a similar vain, how does the brain work, in its' multifarious operations. There is no principle, concept, or understanding that assure science that research will eventually answer all related questions.
Cooperation
January 6, 2009 by Anonymous, 49 weeks 3 days ago
Comment: 33633
I would say that the purpose of language (in a biological sense) is that of cooperation, because it allows us as humans to cooperate more effectively. It is this cooperation that gives(gave) us a significant advantage to survive. Cooperation both requires communication (= exchange of information) and social interaction (= establishing relationships needed for effective cooperation).
One further comment: on "purpose" in biology
January 6, 2009 by Anonymous, 49 weeks 3 days ago
Comment: 33632
"Purpose" is a very sticky term in biology, in my experience (said experience being some background in the history of evolutionary biology). It's a very understandable holdover from Aristotelian teleology, and seemingly "common-sense," but what evolution, culture, and society have deemed "common-sense" is not necessarily valid. A quick perusal of quantum mechanics or relativity will shatter any fundamental confidence in common-sense notions right quick, to say nothing of the still-"common-sense" notion that the sun goes around the earth. It sure looks that way!
Without getting too heavily philosophical, it's simply impossible to delineate any sense of purpose -- in the human-intentional sense -- in evolution. It's far more algorithmical: a mathematical series defined by 2x + 1 that starts at, say, 3, may be said to be "destined" to generate 7; it may even be said that its "purpose" is to generate 7, but 7 is simply the logical outcome, given the parameters.
Furthermore, evolution is a combination of the algorithmic and contingent. Which distances it even further from "purpose" and "destiny". You can predict what 2x + 1 will generate (I know my math notation is wrong here; just roll with the idea behind what I'm saying!); you cannot predict evolution. You can, somewhat, at small time-scales and with extremely limited parameters, of course, but that predictability falls precipitously as parameters broaden and time-scales lengthen.
Conway Morris and a host of other evolutionists aside, modern evolutionary theory simply doesn't provide any "purpose" whatsoever. Even a softer version of "purpose" -- "progress" -- is a very sticky debate, mostly semantic. "Trends" are real, of course, but just as the trend of 2x + 1 doesn't reveal any purpose whatsoever, neither does any evolutionary trend.
To complicate things further, though, at some point, intentional beings (or beings that would like to think themselves intentional) noted their language-faculty, and billions of these beings have been tweaking it in large and small ways, collectively and individually, for thousands of years. Whether all of this intentionality adds up to "purpose" or not seems rather unlikely to me, unless you radically limit the parameters and players to, say, a bunch of linguists trying to invent an international language (Esperanto).
Our language reflects our belief in our own intentionality (a topic I won't even broach here). Unfortunately, we have to use such intention-drenched language to describe intention-free biological traits like language (or feathers), striving to use language to clearly communicate the non-common-sense notion that language is not "for" communication.
The following might be of help....
January 6, 2009 by Anonymous, 49 weeks 3 days ago
Comment: 33631
I think it all hinges on "for." Language is not "for" communication in two senses. First, the evolutionary sense. Not much can be concluded firmly in this sense, despite much spilt ink, but generally in evolution, current utility doesn't reflect historical origin. Take feathers: probably evolved for insulation; later co-opted for flight. The same is probably true of language. But we'll never know. What we do know is that language didn't evolve in all its ramified glory so Tolstoy could write _War and Peace_.
Second, even in the current-utility (or functional) sense, language is "for" many things besides communication. Chomsky seems to limit communication to the imparting or absorbing of factual information, as in, "Hey, there's a tiger over there. Perhaps we should leave the area as quietly and quickly as possible, no?" or "Two plus two is four." or "My name is Doug." To the Chomster, such use of language is real but doesn't encompass all uses of language. It doesn't cover when we think to ourselves, for instance. It doesn't cover purposely ambiguous poetry. Furthermore, we communicate emotional states with facial gestures, body language, music, non-verbal actions.
Interesting post! Some good articles (I'm a complete amateur here, so...):
Lewontin, R. C. (1998) The evolution of cognition: Questions we will never answer. In D. Scarborough and S. Sternberg, editors, An invitation to cognitive science, Volume 4: Methods, models, and conceptual issues. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/lewontin98theEv...)
Pinker, Steven, and Paul Bloom, “Natural Language and Natural Selection,†Behavioral and Brains Sciences 13 (1990): 707-84. (http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/99/bbs00000499-00/bbs.pink...)
Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky, and W. Tecumseh Fitch (2002). “The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?†Science 298:1569-1579. (http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~mnkylab/publications/languagespeech/HauserCh...)
And I just found Lewontin on a podcast on this very topic: http://brainsciencpodcast.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/brain-science-podcast...
Language of the Heart
January 5, 2009 by johnbrandy, 49 weeks 3 days ago
Comment: 33627
In my view, language has more than one purpose. That much is actually indicated. I am genuinely troubled by the assumption that I am not communicating, in a given situation. I and many others. What nonsense. My cognitive orientation, when talking, is to establish a meaningful dialog, the object of which is to discover a common ground. This connection may not develop right away, if at all. Notwithstanding, my purpose is to find common ground, from which a meaningful and purposeful exchange can result.
This orientation is predicated upon an attitude of caring and a common regard for humanity, from which arise the need to connect with, and understand the varieties of human experience.
As stated, language has more than one purpose. Language is used to describe a vast array of things; material and non-material. Language can alert, and inform. Language can convey emotions and expressions. Language is multitudinous, and non-verbal, a fact not, herein, considered.
"Much of human language is just used to establish social relations." Upon what bases is it assumed that establishing social relations does not involve communication? Is this not what is being implied? In order to communicate, both parties must agree with certain words, and their context. In fact, in my view, establishing social relations, is often more complex, and intense, than that which experts suggest is real or meaningful communication, in the realm of language usage. Perhaps their orientation to the establishment of social relations lacks an attitude of caring, and a common regard for humanity, necessary to connect with, and understanding the variety of human experience.
Catch 22?
January 5, 2009 by Anonymous, 49 weeks 3 days ago
Comment: 33624
1. I do not want to communicate about this blog
2. #1 is social play
3. #2 is communication
violence
January 5, 2009 by Anonymous, 49 weeks 4 days ago
Comment: 33619
i've heard before that people without good communication skills are more prone to violence because they lack the ability to express themselves in a full manner - be it writing, speaking, whatever.
not sure if that plays into things at all, but it sounded reasonable (and interesting) to me.
Only academics would argue about this :)
January 5, 2009 by Fred Bortz, 49 weeks 4 days ago
Comment: 33618
Let's see:
1. Language is for expression of thought or for establishing social relations.
2. The reason you want to express thought is what?
3. Oh, yeah, to communicate it with someone else for a variety of purposes, including both social and intellectual ones.
4. Conclusion: language is for communication.
So what's the argument about other than the usual academic propensity to find something to pick out in some other academic's work in order to elevate one's own? Semantic argumentation is the prime example of that approach, and this looks like semantics more than anything else.
I apparently spent wa-a-a-a-ay too much time in academe in my earlier life! :)
Fred Bortz -- Science and technology books for young readers (www.fredbortz.com) and Science book reviews (www.scienceshelf.com)